Aetiology of disease caused by external factors.
The cause of a disease is correctly described as the aetiology. Aetiology is ‘that which causes’. Factors which may be involved in disease causation are therefore termed aetiological factors. So the aetiology causes the pathophysiology which in turn generates the clinical features of the disease. Aetiological factors may arise from within the individual, or from the environment the person is exposed to. Factors arising from within are called endogenous; those from the environment are exogenous.
Any factor from the environment which contributes to disease aetiology is exogenous. These factors are also commonly referred to as environmental. This environment includes the one experienced in the uterus, before birth. Video Rating: / 5
Crohn’s disease is difficult to diagnose, because the symptoms overlap with other diseases. Physicals, x-rays, colonoscopies and biopsies aid in diagnosis. Video Rating: / 5
What is sickle cell disease? Watch this video to learn more about this lifelong blood disorder and test your knowledge with a quiz at the end.
What is sickle cell anemia? Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic condition where the beta-globin protein subunit of hemoglobin is misshapen, which ultimately leads to a sickle-shaped red blood cell, which is prematurely destroyed and can get stuck in small blood vessels.
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Buerger’s Disease, also known as Thromboangiitis Obliterans, is a medium-vessel vasculitis that is strongly associated with smoking; it is commonly seen in males younger than 40-years-old. Clinically, Buerger’s disease presents with intermittent claudication, which refers to pain caused by lack of blood flow (especially during exercise). When this affects the fingers, patients can develop Raynaud phenomenon, which refers to the fingers’ change in color from white to blue to red when placed under cold water. When the finger ischemia is even more severe, gangrene and autoamputation of the digits can occur (hence why “obliterans” is in the name). Buerger’s disease patient may also develop superficial nodular phlebitis, which refers to pain and inflammation along veins. pathology reveals a segmental, thrombosing vasculitis with vein and nerve involvement. Smoking cessation is not curative, but it has been shown to slow progression and severity of Buerger’s disease.
Learn about Buerger disease and other #medicalschool topics with Pixorize’s #USMLE Step 1 mnemonics. Part of our Metabolic Disorders playlist for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
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Buerger disease (also known as the thromboangiitis obliterans) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels and has been linked strongly to smoking. Buerger disease is characterised by poor blood flow through blood vessels due to inflammation and blood clotting. Symptoms typically include pain (claudication), increased sensitivity to cold, diminished pulses, and cyanosis. Gangrene is often a complication which may require amputation of the affected area. Learn how health care professionals diagnose Buerger disease using ultrasound and angiography. Created by Ian Mannarino.
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Sara Mole, PhD at the University College of London describes Batten disease and the difficulty in educating clinicians about this extremely rare condition.
We talked with Dr Mole at the 15th International Conference on Neuronal Ceroid Lipfuscinosis (Batten Disease) held in Boston, MA; October 5-8, 2016. Video Rating: / 5
What is BRIGHT’S DISEASE? What does BRIGHT’S DISEASE mean? BRIGHT’S DISEASE meaning – BRIGHT’S DISEASE definition – BRIGHT’S DISEASE explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Bright’s disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. It was characterized by edema, the presence of albumin in the urine and was frequently accompanied by high blood pressure (hypertension).
The symptoms and signs of Bright’s disease were first described in 1827 by the English physician Richard Bright, after whom the disease was named. In his Reports of Medical Cases, he described 25 cases of dropsy (edema) which he attributed to kidney disease. Symptoms and sign included: inflammation of serous membranes, hemorrhages, apoplexy, convulsions, blindness and coma. Many of these cases were found to have albumin in their urine (detected by the spoon and candle-heat coagulation), and showed striking morbid changes of the kidneys at autopsy. The triad of dropsy, albumin in the urine and kidney disease came to be regarded as characteristic of Bright’s disease. Subsequent work by Bright and others indicated an association with cardiac hypertrophy, which was attributed by Bright to stimulation of the heart. Subsequent work by Mahomed showed that a rise in blood pressure could precede the appearance of albumin in the urine, and the rise in blood pressure and increased resistance to flow was believed to explain the cardiac hypertrophy.
It is now known that Bright’s disease is due to a wide range of diverse kidney diseases; thus, the term Bright’s disease is retained strictly for historical application.
Bright’s disease was historically ‘treated’ with warm baths, abstinence from alcohol, cheese and red meat, blood-letting, squill, digitalis, mercuric compounds, opium, diuretics, and laxatives. Most of these treatments are in fact harmful to the patient. The disease was diagnosed frequently in diabetic patients. Arnold Ehret was diagnosed with Bright’s disease and pronounced incurable by 24 of Europe’s most respected doctors. He finally designed the The Mucusless Diet Healing System and cured himself. William Howard Hay, MD suffered from the illness and it is claimed cured himself using the Hay diet.
Bright’s disease was a plot element in one of the early Dr. Kildare films (1945, Between Two Women). Sally (Marie Blake), the hospital switchboard operator, falls ill to a mysterious ailment and, fearing it is cancer, avoids treatment until Dr. Randall “Red” Adams (Van Johnson) correctly diagnoses it and operates on her kidney.
In chapter 11 of Dashiell Hammett’s 1929 novel Red Harvest, a minor character, Myrtle Jennison, is “in the hospital … dying of Bright’s disease or something.” Video Rating: / 5
Chronic disease is everywhere. CDC’s National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) is helping communities everywhere make changes to prevent chronic diseases in the future. Through various programs, we’re already seeing a difference. Together, we can help Americans live longer, healthier lives.
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This animation describes the cause, symptoms, and factors in the development of Crohn’s disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
To learn more visit http://www.YouAndIBD.com
